Structuration de revêtements polymère photopolymérisables pour de nouvelles surfaces glissantes

Doctorante : Amélie TEISSONNIERE

Laboratoire INSA : IMP

Ecole doctorale : ED534 : Matériaux de Lyon

Dans les travaux présentés, des revêtements polymère photopolymérisés capables de réduire la traînée des coques de bateau d’aviron ont été développés pour améliorer les performances sportives de l’équipe de France lors des Jeux Olympiques de 2024. Pour répondre à cet objectif, nous nous sommes inspirés des surfaces issues de la Nature et plus particulièrement des surfaces superhydrophobes des feuilles de lotus. Un prépolymère de type silicone réactif (méthacrylate ou époxy cycloaliphatique) photoréticulable apportant un caractère hydrophobe au revêtement final a été considéré. Afin d’atteindre une structuration de surface multi-échelles similaire, nous avons eu recours à un procédé de dépôt par pulvérisation (spray-coating) d’une formulation incluant des nanoparticules de silice pyrogénée hydrophobe et des organosilanes. La polymérisation des formulations a été étudiée à l’aide de différents méthodes d’analyse spectroscopique (IR, Raman) et calorimétrique (DSC-UV) afin de déterminer les paramètres influençant la polymérisation et d’optimiser formulation et procédé. Les surfaces ont été caractérisées quant à leur microstructure ou topographie (microscopie électronique à balayage et profilométrie) et à leur mouillabilité avec l’eau (angle de contact à l’équilibre et angle de glissement). Ces revêtements ont été mis en œuvre par photopolymérisation, un procédé de choix pour sa simplicité, sa rapidité et sa faible empreinte environnementale (pas de solvant). Avec une telle nature de polymère et un tel type de procédé de mise en œuvre, il est alors possible d’envisager de projeter et réticuler cette formulation 

Ride the Supercoiling: Evolution of Supercoiling-Mediated Gene Regulatory Networks through Genomic Inversions

Doctorant : Théotime GROHENS

Laboratoire INSA : LIRIS

Ecole doctorale : ED512 InfoMaths

Evolution is often considered an unpredictable process, as genetic mutations happen at random.
But the fixation of mutations is not completely arbitrary, as mutations need to pass the sieve of natural selection to be retained.
In particular, the beneficial or deleterious character of a mutation can depend on the genetic background in which it happens, an effect called epistasis.
In this work, I study a particular kind of epistatic interactions in bacteria: the interplay between mutations in the mechanisms regulating DNA supercoiling -- the level of over- or under- winding of DNA -- and genomic rearrangements. I present _EvoTSC_, a mathematical and computational model of DNA supercoiling tailored to study the mutual interaction between gene transcription and DNA supercoiling (the _transcription-supercoiling coupling_ or TSC), and integrated into a full-fledged evolutionary simulation.
I first validate the model by showing that evolution can leverage this coupling to evolve gene regulatory networks that are able to tune gene expression levels in response to environmental perturbations, by changing only the relative positions of the genes  through genomic inversions.
I then show that, in _EvoTSC_ as well as in the evolutionary simulation platform _Aevol_, introducing supercoiling mutations does not seem to speed up evolution, indicating that the evolutionary relevance of epistatic interactions might be not as important as initially thought.
Using _EvoTSC_, I additionally show that the TSC can lead some genes to be activated by an excess of positive supercoiling, providing a plausible mechanism to explain the similar behavior observed in many bacterial genes. Finally, I characterize the structure of these supercoiling-mediated gene regulatory networks, showing that they cannot be reduced to local pairwise interactions.
Interaction with many neighboring genes can indeed be needed to regulate gene expression through supercoiling, providing a possible explanation to the evolutionary conservation of gene syntenies.
 

 

In situ compression of cerium oxides in environmental transmission electron microscopy

Doctorante : Rongrong ZHANG

Laboratoire INSA : MatéIS

Ecole doctorale : ED34 Matériaux de Lyon

Ceramic materials present excellent mechanical strength and are used in many fields. However, the most detrimental characteristic of ceramics is their brittleness, which restricts their application. Recent investigations have shown that nanoscale ceramic materials display superior plastic deformation than their bulk counterparts. This plastic behavior at the nanoscale might be interesting to improve the ceramic processing either by decreasing the energy needed during the process or by optimizing the microstructure obtained. However, few studies on plastic behavior of ceramic materials have been reported so far.
This study deals with cerium oxides nanocubes with sizes ranging between 20 and 130 nm. We use in-situ nanocompression tests in Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (ETEM) on isolated nanocubes. The cube geometry assures to test the cube along a known crystallographic direction <001>. During the test, stress/strain curves  are obtained from the sensor of the sample holder and coupled with video of the compressed nanoparticle.
Due to a reduction effect of the electron beam in the TEM, different structures are tested, from CeO2 to Ce2O3 depending on the experimental conditions (electron dose or presence of gas around the sample).
We conduct compression tests on bixbyite Ce2O3 and on fluorite CeO2. During compression of bixbyite, we observe the formation of perfect dislocations followed by their dissociation into partials with the formation of stacking faults. This mechanism can be compared to what is observed in FCC structures.
On fluorite CeO2, dislocations appear but rarely dissociate. By using several zone axes, dislocations can be indexed. With our results, the main slip system is identified as
<110>{111}. CeO2 also shows a strong size effect on strength. This size effect is found to depend on the electron dose rate and is reversible. It is discussed by using models from the literature and by considering the deformation mechanism.